Elaine K Howley
In the long arc of sports history, scandals have been fairly common place. Doping and the use of performance enhancing drugs are a frequent vehicle for cheating in sports – remember the East German Women’s Olympic swim team in the 1960s and ‘70s and Lance Armstrong’s seven fraudulent Tour de France wins? Cutting the course is another – just ask Rosie Ruiz who infamously burst through the crowd of spectators at the tail end of the 1980 Boston Marathon where she was declared the female winner despite having run less than a mile. (She’d qualified to be there by taking the subway most of the way between the start and finish of the New York City Marathon.)